"Norval Morris, Julius Kreeger Professor of Law and Criminology at the University of Chicago Law School for four decades (and a former dean), was the exception who proves the rule. More than any other sentencing theorist of his generation, Norval Morris understood that an incarcerative sentence involves both duration of confinement and conditions of confinement. He argued that the actual penal sanction, as it was experienced by convicted offenders, should not be left to arbitrary decision making, budgetary contingencies, or bureaucratic competencies. Rather, it should be a matter of policy and of jurisprudence. The guiding principle should be to treat the imprisoned inmate as a citizen behind bars, to respect his or her dignity and humanity, and to encourage (not coerce) self-change."